What to consider before agreeing to give early inheritance
If you’re in retirement and making plans for how to distribute what you own when you die, it’s tempting to consider giving away your property and wealth today as early inheritance. By gifting inheritance before your death, you get to see your family and friends enjoy the gifts you are giving them – and you can potentially save the taxman taking a share of what you give.
However, it’s important you understand the tax rules before you start to give your assets away. Just because you’re still living, it doesn’t mean you can avoid Inheritance Tax entirely. And you may also inadvertently incur other tax liabilities like Capital Gains Tax.
This guide tells you what you need to know if you’re thinking of giving away early inheritance before death.
On this page
- How inheritance tax works
- Giving away your inheritance early
- Exceptions to the rules
- Giving away a property before you die
- Giving away non-cash gifts
- When’s the ideal time to give gifts away
- Where to turn for help and advice
- Making a will
- Next steps
How Inheritance Tax works
Only around 5% of people who die pay any Inheritance Tax – so most people don’t need to worry about planning for it.
You don’t have to pay anything if you have assets of £325,000 or less when you die. This is called the Nil Rate Band. And if you’re married or in a civil partnership, you can give everything you own to your surviving spouse when you die without having to pay any Inheritance Tax. They will also get the benefit of your Inheritance Tax allowance, meaning they won’t need to worry about paying any Inheritance Tax unless you have combined assets of over £650,000.
If you are passing your family home onto your children or grandchildren, you can also get extra relief of £175,000 on top of your regular Inheritance Tax allowance – or £350,000 if you’re a couple. This is called the Residential Nil Rate Band.
That means that for most couples, there’s no Inheritance Tax to pay unless you have combined assets of more than £1m. While that’s a lot of money, rising property prices are putting more and more people over the top of that threshold. And if you think you could end up having to pay Inheritance Tax, it’s worth doing some planning.
If your estate is worth more than £2m, you will lose some of the Residential Nil Rate Band. The amount reduces the larger your estate is above £2m.
Giving away your inheritance early before death
There’s nothing to stop you giving away money and things that you own while you’re still alive. You can give gifts of up to £250 a year to as many people as you like without having to worry about the Inheritance Tax implications. For gifts above £250, you have an allowance of up to £3,000 per year which you can use without having to worry about Inheritance Tax. This is called your Gift Allowance.
Inheritance Tax on gifts before death
However, if you give gifts of more than £3,000 in a year and then die within seven years of the donation, some of the value of it will still be included when calculating how much Inheritance Tax is due on your estate.
When you first make a gift, it’s called a Potentially Exempt Transfer. But if you live for less than seven years after you’ve given the gift, it becomes known as a chargeable asset. How soon you die after giving the gift will impact how much tax is due. For example, if you die six years after giving the gift, you’ll only pay 8% tax on the amount.
However, if you die within three years of the donation, the full 40% will be due. The lower amounts for gifts given more than three before death is called taper relief.
Here’s the full details of the taper relief rates:
| How long before the person died was the gift given? | Tax rate: |
|---|---|
| Less than three years | 40% |
| Three to four years | 32% |
| Four to five years | 24% |
| Five to six years | 16% |
| Six to seven years | 8% |
| More than seven years | 0% |
Exceptions to the rules on gifts and Inheritance Tax
As well as everyone’s Annual Gift Allowance, there are also some other exceptions which allow you to give gifts and early inheritance before death without incurring an Inheritance Tax liability.
Weddings
You can give wedding gifts to your children worth up to £5,000 or to your grandchildren or great-grandchildren with a value of up to £2,500. If they’re not a close family member, you can still give a wedding gift worth up to £1,000. And none of these will impact your Inheritance Tax bill.
Wedding gifts are a common means of giving away early inheritance before death.
Birthday and Christmas presents
You can give normal gifts at Christmas and birthdays, provided that they are covered by your income. You must be able to maintain your standard of living after you’ve made the gift.
Surplus income
If you have more income than you need to live on – from your pension, for example – you may be able to make a contribution to family members each month as a means of giving early inheritance before death.
For example, you can make early inheritance contributions by paying into your grandchildren’s savings account, or by paying into a life insurance policy for your children. You should keep a clear record of these gifts as the rules are complex, and it would be easy for these gifts to be counted as chargeable after you die if you have not made clear notes and records of what you were doing.
Help with living costs
You may be able to donate to children under 18 in full-time education or to a partner or dependent.
Charitable donations
Donations that you make to charities will never count towards your Inheritance Tax calculation, and any charity donations you make in your will to be paid after you die will also be exempt.
Political parties
Gifts to political parties are also not included in your Inheritance Tax calculations.
Giving away a property before you die
The seven-year rule still applies if you give a property away before you die. However, if you live seven years after giving the property away, you can avoid paying Inheritance Tax on it.
If you give it away and move out, then you simply need to live for another seven years, to avoid any tax being due. But if you give it away but stay living in it, then you’ll need to pay rent each month at the local market rate, and also pay your share of the bills and live seven years, to qualify for the Inheritance Tax exemption.
Giving away early inheritance through non-cash gifts
If you’re giving away things other than cash – such as stocks and shares or valuable artwork – you also need to give a thought as to whether you could end up creating a capital gains liability for you or the beneficiary.
It will depend what the gift cost you when you bought it or were given it, and what its value is now.
And of course, non-cash gifts are still subject to Inheritance Tax if you die within seven years of making the gift. So it’s all the more important to ensure you don’t end up getting taxed twice.
When’s the ideal time to give gifts away
Although most people don’t start thinking about Inheritance Tax until towards the end of their lives, it actually makes most sense to consider transferring some of your wealth when you’re younger.
If you’ve paid off your mortgage and debts, and have a steady income in retirement, it may be worth starting to give money away as early inheritance while you still have many more years to live. This has the double advantage of allowing you to see your family and friends enjoy the gifts you have given, as well as greatly reducing the chance that there will be any Inheritance Tax liability on what is left.
Many grandparents gift their grandchildren money to get through university – or give their children a deposit to buy a house.
As long as you live for at least seven years after the gift has been given, there will be no Inheritance Tax to pay.
Where to turn for help and advice
If you’ve got complex financial affairs, it’s well worth taking advice from a specialist Inheritance Tax adviser. You can use websites such as Unbiased(www.unbiased.co.uk opens in a new tab) to find a specialist adviser in your area.
Or look for a financial adviser with chartered status on the website of the Personal Finance Society(www.thepfs.org opens in a new tab).
You can also look for a chartered account by searching on the website of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales(find.icaew.com opens in a new tab).
Making a will
It’s important that you draw up a will to make sure that your assets are distributed according to your wishes when you die. If you have fairly simple affairs, there are lots of cheap online will writers. You can find one by looking on The Times’ website(www.thetimes.co.uk opens in a new tab).
Alternatively, if you have more complex affairs, you may need a full face-to-face consultation. You can find professional will writers in your area by searching on the websites of the Association of Professional Will Writers(www.ipw.org.uk opens in a new tab) or the Society of Will Writers(www.willwriters.com opens in a new tab).
If you don’t set up a will before you die, your assets will be distributed according to the law. This generally means they will go to your spouse, or your children and grandchildren. Dying without a will is called dying intestate. It tends to make the process of tying up your affairs a little more lengthy and time-consuming for your family.
Having it all squared away in a clear will can help take some of the burden off your relatives when you die.
Next steps
This guide has explained the things you need to know if you're considering giving early inheritance before your death.
Found this article useful? Take a look at our complete guide to inheritance for more. And here are some other articles that may interest you:
- What is inheritance protection for equity release?
- What happens if you die without a will?
- What is probate and how does it work?
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